Morphogenesis/first subpage

The morphogenetic toolkit

This table summarises the sorts of mechanisms that cells use to organise themselves into tissues

cell type	property	mechanism	example	reference
mesenchyme	movement	contact guidance	fish fin invasion	Wood & Thorogood (1984)
(nerves)	haptotaxis	pronephros elongation	Zackson & Steinberg (1987)
	contact inhibition/space colonisation	NC invasion of cornea	Bard, Hay & Meller (1975)
		pigment patterning	Tucker & Erickson (1986)
		cell repulsion	NC blockage in posterior somite	Wang & Anderson (1997)
		chemotaxis	neuronal migration in spinal cord	Charron et al (2003)
		chemorepulsion	oligodendracite dispersal	Tsai et al (2003)
epithelium to mesenchyme transition		initiation of neural crest migration	Cheung et al (2005)
	apoptosis		loss of Mullerian duct	Roberts et al (1999)
	condensation formation	migration	ganglion formation by neural crest cells	Lallier & Bronner-Fraser (1988)
		adhesion	dermal condensations	Jiang & Chuong (1992)
		traction	cell aggregation	Oster et al (1985)
		loss of ECM	limb pre-cartilage condensations	Li et al (2007)
	cell sorting	celll-cell-adhesiion	Drosphila egg chamber organisaton	Becam et al (2005)
		cell focusing	C elegans embryogensis	Schnabel et al (2006)
epithelia	mesnchyme-to-epithelium transition	polarisation	nephron lumen formation	Stark et al (1995)
	forming folds	buckling	ciliary body formation	Bard & Ross (1982)
			human brain formation	Armstrong et al (1995)
		bending of sheet	neural fold formation	Moury & Schoenwolf (1995)
		invagination	sea urchin gastrulation	Davidson et al (1995)
	forming tubes	cavitation	neural tube	Schoenwolf (1983)
	tube branching	signalling	trachea	Sakiyama et al (2000)
			blood vessel branching	Ruhrberg et al (2002)
	boundary formation	eph-ephrin intreactions	zebrafish model	Mellitzer et al 1999
	movement	passive growth	serosa migration in honey bee	Fleig & Sander (1988)
		convergent extension	drosophila limb extension	Fristom et al (1977)
			sea urchin gastrulation	Hardin (1989)
		epiboly	early fish development	Trinkaus (1992)
		contact inhibition	completion of wound healing	Radice (1980)

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