Encyclopedia of computational neuroscience

• Eugene M. Izhikevich, Editor-in-Chief of Scholarpedia, the peer-reviewed open-access encyclopedia

Among participants of Scholarpedia are M. Abeles (Synfire Chains), T. Bal (Thalamic Hybrid Circuits), H. Barlow (Lateral Inhibition and Grandmother Cell), M. Bear (LTD, with R. Malenka), T. Bliss (LTP), V. Braitenberg (Brain), B. Connors (Thalamocortical Circuit), J. Cowan (Wilson-Cowan Model), A. Damasio (Emotions), N. Desai (Intrinsic Plasticity), A. Destexhe (High-Conductance State), G.M. Edelman (Neural Darwinism), H. Eichenbaum (Memory), B. Ermentrout (XPPAUT and Ermentrout-Kopell Canonical Model), R. FitzHugh (FitzHugh-Nagumo Model), J. Fuster (Cortical Memory), S. Grossberg (ART), H. Haken (Synergetics), J. Hindmarsh (Hindmarsh-Rose Model), J.J. Hopfield (Hopfield Network), M. Jouvet (REM Sleep), D. Kleinfeld (Vibrissa Sensorimotor System), C. Koch (Neural Correlates of Consciousness), T. Kohonen (Kohonen Network), G. Laurent (Olfactory System), H. Lecar (Morris-Lecar Model), R. Llinas (Purkinje Neuron and Neuron), E.N. Lorenz (Butterfly Effect), B. Mandelbrot (Fractals), E. Marder (Homeostatic Plasticity), J.L. McClelland (PDP), B. Mel (Dendritic Processing), B. Milner (HM Patient), M. Minsky (Perceptron), E. Moser (Grid Cells), V. Mountcastle (Cortical Columns), J. O'Keefe and L. Nadel (Cognitive Map), T. Poggio (Computer Vision), V. Ramachandran (Synesthesia), W. Rall (Rall Model), J. Rinzel (Pinsky-Rinzel Model), G. Rizzolatti (Mirror Neurons), S. Schiff (Epilepsy), W. Schultz (Reward and Reward Signals), A. Selverston (Stomatogastric Ganglion), R. Shapley (Orientation Selectivity), G. Shepherd (Dendro-Dendritic Synapse), S.M. Sherman (Thalamus), W. Singer (Binding by Synchrony), S. Thorpe (Fast Visual Processing), R. Traub (Fast Oscillations), L. Weiskrantz (Blindsight), C. Wilson (Up and Down States), and many others (including 12 Nobel Laureates and 4 Fields Medalists).

There is an ongoing election of authors for such articles as Cell Assemblies, Relaxation Oscillator, and many others.

Presently, only curators of Scholarpedia (who are invited by the Editor-in-Chief or other curators) or scholars with high Scholar Index can author and curate articles in Scholarpedia. If you want to reserve an article, contact [1].

See instructions to register and reserve your article. Most of the articles are reserved and will be written within next few months. A few articles are finished.

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Neuroscience History of neuroscience Electrophysiology Bursting Calcium Dynamics Dynamic Clamp Electrophysiology Excitability Gain Modulation Gating Currents Hodgkin-Frankenhaeuser Layer Intracellular Recording Intrinsic Plasticity Models of Calcium Oscillations Neural Computation Neural Oscillator Neuronal Bistability Neuromodulation Patch Clamp Plateau Potential Single Electrode Voltage Clamp Stochastic Channel Model Subthreshold Oscillation Up and Down States Voltage Clamp Neuron Astrocyte-Neuronal Interaction Cortical Cell Types Dendritic Excitability Back-Propagating Spikes Dendritic Processing Interneurons Neurons Purkinje Neuron Pyramidal neuron Saltatory Conduction Spike Sorting Spike Statistics Network Dynamics Editor: Marc-Oliver Gewaltig Balanced Networks Binding by Synchrony Brain Brain Rhythms Cortical Memory Calcium Oscillations Calcium Wave Cell Assemblies Central Pattern Generation Epilepsy Fast Oscillations High-Conductance State Lateral Inhibition Memory Replay Models of Calcium Waves Neural Inhibition Network Bistability Metastability in the Brain Neurocognitive Networks Neuronal Avalanche Neuronal Code Neuronal Synchronization Place Cells Population Vector Persistent Activity Respiration Scale-Free Neocortical Dynamics Sleep Oscillations Sparse Coding Spike-and-Wave Oscillations Statistical Mechanics of Neocortex Synaptic Waves Synchronization Synfire Chain Thalamocortical Oscillations Tremor Brain Models Editor: Marc-Oliver Gewaltig Computational Models of Classical Conditioning Holonomic Brain Theory Large-Scale Brain Models Models of Attention Models of Basal Ganglia Models of Cerebellum Models of Consciousness Models of Cortex Models of Dopaminergic Modulation Models of Emotion Models of Hippocampus Models of Hypothalamus Models of Mirror System Models of Motor Control Models of Olfactory System Models of Primary Visual Cortex Models of Retina Models of Reward Circuit Model Sharing in Computational Neuroscience Models of Sleep Models of Spinal Cord Models of Striatum Models of Thalamocortical System Models of Visual Cortex Models of Visual Processing Models of Working Memory Models of Whisker System Modular Models of Brain Function Ring Model Self-organization of Brain Function Neurotransmitters and Receptors Dopamine Dopamine and Schizophrenia Dopamine Modulation GABA Glutamate Neuromodulation Neurotransmitters Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptors Nitric Oxide NMDA Receptors Receptors Receptor trafficking Synapse Activity-Dependent Plasticity Axonal Conduction Delays BCM Rule Dendro-Dendritic Synapse Electrical Synapses Hebbian Synapse Homeostatic Plasticity Learning ex vivo Long-Term Potentiation Long-Term Depression Models of Synaptic Plasticity Maintenance of Synaptic Plasticity Metaplasticity Neuromodulation Quantal Synaptic Transmission Receptor Trafficking Saltatory Conduction Silent Synapse Short-Term Plasticity Spike-Timing Dependent Plasticity Structural Plasticity Spines Synapse Synaptic Plasticity Synaptic Transmission Synaptic Vesicles Synaptic Waves Spine Motility Synaptic Turnover Transmission Failure Memory Amnesia Associative Memory Conceptual Short Term Memory False Memory Emotional Memory Episodic Memory HM Patient Iconic Memory Implicit Memory Learning Memory Memory Consolidation Memory Replay Modulation of Memory Multiple Memory Systems Relational Memory Short-Term Memory Working Memory Visual Short Term Memory Conditioning Classical Conditioning Dopamine Modulation Computational Models of Classical Conditioning Motivation Operant Conditioning Reinforcement Reinforcement Learning Reward Reward Signals Spontaneous Recovery Cognition and Behavior Action Selection Animal Cognition Attention Attentional Blink Automaticity Behavior Behaviorism Binding Problem Categorization Cognition Cognitive Development Cognitive Map Cognitive Psychology Connectionism Coordination Dynamics Emotions Evolutionary Psychology Fear Fear Conditioning Gestalt Grandmother Cell Habituation Hallucination Hemispheric Specialization Imitation Kamin Blocking Metaphor Mirror Neurons Models of Emotion Neurocognitive Networks Neuropsychology Perception Prosopagnosia Psychology of Happiness Psychological Refractory Period Reafference and Preafference Schizophrenia Social Cognition Split Brain Synesthesia Symbol Grounding Problem Visual Cognition Sleep Cataplexy Dreaming Insomnia Functions of Sleep Models of Sleep Molecular Biology of Sleep Narcolepsy Neurobiology of Sleep and Wakefulness Ontogeny of Sleep Parasomnias Phylogeny of Sleep REM (Paradoxical) Sleep Sleep Sleep Apnea Sleep and Learning Sleep Deprivation Sleep Homeostasis Sleep Oscillations Sleep-walking Slow Wave Sleep Language, Speech, Music Language Language and the Brain Language Evolution Music Music and the Brain Natural Language Processing Rhythm and the Brain Sign Language Sign Language and the Brain Sine-wave Speech Speech Speech Area Consciousness Editor: Anil K. Seth Anesthesia Animal Consciousness Attention Attention and Consciousness Awareness of Intention Blindsight Dreaming Frame Problem Free Will Global Brain Theories Global Workspace Higher-order Thought Human Intelligence Hypnosis Implicit Learning Information Integration Theory Intentionality Machine Consciousness Meditation The Mind Mind-Body Problem Mind-Brain Problem Models of Consciousness Neural Correlates of Consciousness Neural Darwinism Numbsense Philosophy of Consciousness Philosophy of Mind Qualia Schizophrenia Self Models Sleep Symbol Grounding Problem Synthetic_Phenomenology Subliminal Perception Vegetative State Zombie Sensory-Motor System Action Sequence Learning Brain-Machine Interface Cerebellar Control Efference Copy Eye Movement Haken-Kelso-Bunz Model Insect Flight Control Motoneurons Models of Motor Control Motor Control Reflex Sensorimotor Control Vibrissa Sensorimotor System Sensory System Auditory System Auditory Cortex Cochlea Barrel Cortex Electrolocation Echolocation in Bats Mechanoreceptors Mechanoreceptors and Stochastic Resonance Insect Cercal Sensory System Jeffress Model Olfactory System Sensory Systems Somatosensory System Somatotopy Taste Vestibular System Vision Olfaction Editor: Maxim Bazhenov Models of Olfactory System Olfactory Bulb Olfactory Cortex Olfactory Learning Olfactory Map Olfactory Oscillations Olfactory Receptors Olfactory System Hippocampus Editor: Douglas Nitz Cognitive Map Grid Cells Entorhinal Cortex Hippocampus Models of Hippocampus Place Cells Vision Affective Blindsight Attention Capture Biased Competition Theory Binding Problem Binocular Vision Binocular Rivalry Blindsight Boundary Extension Change Blindness Color Perception Color Vision Contextual Cueing Computer Vision Contour Perception Event Perception Extrastriate Body Area Eye Movement Fast Visual Processing Function of Compound Eye Fusiform Face Area Hemineglect Iconic Memory Inattentional Blindness Inhibition of Return Insect Motion Detection Insect Phototransduction Masking Models of Visual Cortex Models of Visual Processing Motion Induced Blindness Motion Picture Perception Multiple Object Tracking Natural Visual Stimuli Neural circuits in compound eye Neural Substrates of Eye Movements Object-Based Attention Object Substitution Masking Ocular Dominance Ocular-Motor Coordination Orientation Columns Orientation Pinwheels Orientation Selectivity Priming Priming of Popout Receptive Field Repetition Blindness Saliency Map Saccades Spatial_Updating Subliminal Perception Vertebrate retina Vision Visual Attention Visual Awareness Visual Cognition Visual Cortex Visual Fading Visual Illusions Visual Masking Visual Motion Visual Perception Visual Plasticity Visual Processing Visual Pursuit Visual Salience Visual Short Term Memory Visual Search Neuroanatomy and Physiology Amygdala Auditory Cortex Autonomic Nervous System Basal Ganglia Brain Brain Atlas Brainstem Cerebellum Computational Neuroanatomy Cortical Cell Types Cortical Columns Cultured Network Developmental Neuroanatomy Enteric Nervous System Hippocampus Gastropod Neuroscience Glia Habenula Hypothalamus Limbic System Locus Coeruleus Medial Temporal Lobe Midbrain Myelination Neocortex Neuroanatomy Olfactory Bulb PreBotzinger Complex Raphe Retina Speech Area Spinal Cord Stomatogastric Ganglion Striatum Subthalamus Thalamus Thalamus Anatomy Thalamocortical Circuit Thalamic Hybrid Circuits Visual Cortex Development Activity-Dependent Plasticity Adult Neurogenesis Axonal Growth and Guidance Brain Development Branching Morphogenesis Cognitive Development Corticogenesis Dendritic Branching Development of Retinotectal Map Development of Sensory Systems Developmental Neuroanatomy Developmental Neurogenesis DNA Morphogenesis Neurogenesis Neurodegeneration Neuronal Differentiation Neuronal Stem Cells Neuronal Migration Spine Motility Synaptic Turnover Synaptogenesis Neuroimaging and Methods BOLD Signal Brain Imaging Brain Mapping Computational Neuropharmacology Current Source Density Desynchronization Diffusion Tensor Imaging Dynamic Clamp Electroencephalogram Event-Related Brain Dynamics FACT Functional Imaging Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging Hilbert Transform for Brain Waves Local Field Potential Magnetic Resonance Imaging Magnetoencephalogram Model-based fMRI Microelectrode Array Unit Activity Near Infrared Imaging Neuroimaging Neuroimaging of Attention Neuroinformatics Optical imaging Patch Clamp Positron Emission Tomography Source Localization Spike Correlation Measures Spike Decoding Spike Sorting Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Two-photon Microscopy Voltage Clamp Voltage-Sensitive Dye Volume Conduction

Dynamical Systems History of Dynamical Systems Phase Space Asymptotic Methods Attractor Averaging Bistability Basin of Attraction Dynamical Systems Equilibrium Hysteresis Invariant Set Invariant Manifold Linear Analysis Lyapunov Function Multiple Scale Analysis Normal Hyperbolicity Ordinary Differential Equations Perturbation Methods Phase Portrait Phase Space Separatrix Stability Stability of Equilibria Oscillators Bursting Cardiac Arrhythmia Central Pattern Generation Chaotic Oscillators Circadian Rhythms Chua Circuit Discrete Models of Bursting Duffing Oscillator Fitzhugh-Nagumo Model Hindmarsh-Rose Model Hodgkin-Huxley Model Integrate-and-Fire Neuron Isochron Lienard Oscillator Mckean Model Mitotic Cycle Models of Calcium Oscillations Models of Cardiac Cell Models of Heart Morris-Lecar Model Multi-stability in Neuronal Models Quasiperiodic Oscillations Pendulum Radial Clock Rotator Periodic Orbit Predator-Prey Model Population Dynamics Relaxation Oscillator Rossler Attractor Routes into Bursting van der Pol Oscillator VCON Weakly Nonlinear Oscillator Wilson-Cowan Model Synchronization Binding by Synchrony Burst Synchronization Cardiac Arrhythmia Chain of Oscillators Desynchronization Fast Threshold Modulation Gait Control Generalized Synchronization Isochron Kuramoto Model Malkin Theorem Mean-Field Synchronization Models of Heart Neural Fields Neuronal Synchronization Phase Response Curve Pulse Coupled Oscillators Resonance Slowly Coupled Oscillators Synchronization Synchronization of Chaotic Oscillators Synchrony Measures Weakly Coupled Oscillators Pattern Formation Belousov-Zhabotinsky Reaction Breathers Brusselator Cellular Automata Chemical Waves Complex Systems Drift of Spiral Waves Evans Function Excitable Media Fisher-Kolmogorov-Petrovski-Piskunov Model Gierer-Meinhardt Model Ginzburg-Landau Equation Gradient System Hallucination Initiation of Excitation Waves Kuramoto-Sivashinsky Equation Monotone Dynamics Models of Calcium Waves Morphogenesis Activator-Inhibitor Oregonator Pattern Formation Pattern Theory Reaction-Diffusion Systems Sandpiles Scroll Wave Scroll Wave Turbulence Self-Organization Self-Organization of Brain Function Spiral Waves Spiral Breakup Stripe Formation Symmetry Breaking in Reaction-Diffusion Systems Synaptic waves Synergetics Synergies Symmetry Breaking Traveling Waves Turing Instability Zeldovich-Frank-Kamenetsky Model Noise and Chaos 1/F Noise Attractor Dimensions Attractor Reconstruction Avalanche Dynamical Billiards Bubbling Transition Butterfly Effect Chaos Chaos in Nerve Membranes Chaotic Spiking Oscillators Chua Circuit Crises Coherence Resonance Controlling Chaos Deterministic Walk in Random Environment Embedding Entropy Entropy in Chaotic Dynamics Ergodic Theory Invariant Measure Fractals Fokker-Planck Equation Hyperchaos Integrable Systems KAM Theory Intermittency Ising Model Lorenz Attractor Lyapunov Exponent Mandelbrot Set Markov Process Mechanoreceptors and Stochastic Resonance Metropolis Method Monte-Carlo Method Neuronal Noise Neural Variability Numerical Methods Ornstein-Uhlenbeck Process Percolation Theory Plykin Attractor Random Walk Brownian Motion Renormalization Rossler Attractor Resonance Self-Organized Criticality Sharkovsky Ordering Shilnikov Bifurcation Statistical Mechanics Stochastic Dynamical Systems Stochastic Dynamics Stochastic Process Stochastic Resonance Strange Attractor Strange Nonchaotic Attractors Symbolic Dynamics Bernoulli Shift Smale Horseshoe Transient Chaos Turbulence Universality Unstable Periodic Orbits Bifurcation Theory Andronov-Hopf Bifurcation Andronov-Leontovich Theorem AUTO Bautin Bifurcation Bifurcations Blue-Sky Catastrophe Bogdanov-Takens Bifurcation Bursting Canards Catastrophe Theory Center Manifold Cusp Bifurcation Delayed Loss of Stability Excitability Flip Bifurcation Fold-Hopf Bifurcation Fold Limit Cycle Bifurcation Global Bifurcations Hartman-Grobman Theorem Heteroclinic Bifurcation Heteroclinic Cycles Homoclinic Bifurcation Homoclinic Orbit Hopf-Hopf Bifurcation MATCONT Neimark-Sacker Bifurcation Period Doubling Pitchfork Bifurcation Saddle-Node Bifurcation Saddle-Node Bifurcation on Invariant Circle Shilnikov Bifurcation Singularity Theory Structural Stability Transcritical Bifurcation XPPAUT Mappings Editor: James D. Meiss Circle Map Poincaré-Denjoy Theory Rotation Number Coupled Maps Difference Equation Discrete Models of Bursting Fixed Point Hénon Map Logistic Map Noninvertible Map Iterated Map Cobweb Diagram Poincare Map Simulation Environment GENESIS LABVIEW Model Sharing in Computational Neuroscience MATCONT MATHEMATICA MAPLE MATLAB NEST Neural Simulation Language NEURON Simulation Environment XPPAUT

Artificial Neural Networks History of Artificial Neural Networks Computational Intelligence Machine Learning Models of Neurons Editor: Frances Skinner Compartmental Models Conductance-Based Models Ermentrout-Kopell Canonical Model Firing Rate Model Fitzhugh-Nagumo Model Hartline-Ratliff model Hindmarsh-Rose Model Hodgkin-Huxley Model Integrate-and-Fire Neuron Mcculloch-Pitts Neuron Models of Neurons Models of Purkinje Neuron Models of the Dopaminergic Neuron Morris-Lecar Model Neuronal Parameter Optimization Noble Model Pinsky-Rinzel Model Plant model Rall Model Resonate-and-Fire Neuron Young Model Spike-Response Model VCON Spiking Networks Axonal Conduction Delays Balanced Networks Coincidence Detection Echo State Network Liquid State Machine Mean Field Theory for Balanced Networks Neuronal Code Neuronal Synchronization Polychronization Pulsed Coupled Neural Networks Spike-Timing Dependent Plasticity Spike Statistics Spiking Neurons Synchronization Synfire Chain Synfire Braid Brain Theories Confabulation Theory Holonomic Brain Theory Recurrent Networks Adaptive Resonance Theory Associative Memory Attractor Network Boltzmann Machine Brain-State-in-a-Box Cauchy Machine Cellular Neural Network Chaotic Network Connectionist Models Continuous Attractor Network Dynamic Link Architecture Excitatory-Inhibitory Network GasNets Gaussian Machine Helmholtz Machine Hopfield Network LEGION Neuropercolation Oscillatory Associative Memory Recurrent Neural Networks Reentry Simulated Annealing Stochastic Optimization Supervised Learning Tensor Network Theory Unsupervised Learning Winner-Take-All Feedforward Networks Adaline Bayesian Learning Bayesian Ying Yang Learning Counterpropagation Error Back-Propagation Kohonen Network Neocognitron Multilayer Network Perceptron Supervised Learning Graphs Graph Theory Scale-Free Networks Small-World Network Reinforcement Learning Actor-Critic Method Classical Conditioning Computational Models of Classical Conditioning Dynamic Programming Eligibility Trace Exploration vs. Exploitation Gaussian Process Temporal Difference Learning Neuroeconomics Q-Learning Operant Conditioning Reinforcement Reinforcement Learning Rescorla-Wagner Model Reward Reward Signals Temporal Difference Learning Widrow-Hoff Learning Rule Evolutionary Computation Differential Evolution Evolution Evolution Strategies Evolutionary Algorithms Evolutionary Computation Evolutionary Programming Evolutionary Robotics Evolving Intelligent Systems Genetic Algorithms Genetic Programming Neural Darwinism Neutral Networks Punctuated Equilibrium Artificial Life Agent Based Modeling Ant Colony Optimization Artificial Life Artificial Immune System Game of Life Particle Swarm Optimization Swarm Intelligence Swarm Robotics Information Theory Algorithmic Information Theory Bayesian Inference Bootstrap Complexity Cryptology Differential Entropy Entropy Entropy of Spike Trains Fuzzy Logic Gaussian Process Granger Causality Independent Component Analysis Information Integration Theory Information Noisy Channel Information Theory in Neuroscience Mutual Information Kolmogorov Entropy Oversampling Principal Component Analysis Reverse Correlation Wiener Kernel Estimates of Information Quantities Direct Estimates Bounds Statistics Editor:Michael Hardy Bayesian Statistics Hidden Markov Model Entropy Maximum Likelihood Noise Poisson Process Probability Sampling Bias Sampling Theory Signal to Noise Ratio Signal to Noise Ratio in Neuroscience Spike Statistics Signal Analysis Fourier Analysis Spectrogram Nyquist Frequency Hilbert Transform Hilbert-Huang Transform Kalman Filter Signal to Noise Ratio Signal to Noise Ratio in Neuroscience Singular Value Decomposition Spike Statistics Time Series Analysis Wavelet Analysis Pattern Recognition Editor: Ke Chen Biological Object Recognition Data Clustering Data Mining Face Recognition Facial Expression Analysis Feature Analysis Feature Selection Image Processing Image Segmentation Independent Component Analysis Machine Vision Matching Pursuit Multidimensional Scaling Object Recognition Pattern Recognition Pattern Theory Principal Component Analysis Sensor Fusion Signal Processing Speech Recognition Time Series Analysis Vector Quantization Deterministic Annealing Vision Visual Binding Navigation and Control Action Selection Adaptive Behavior Cybernetics Goal Directed Behavior Hippocampal Place Cells Head Direction Cells Navigation in Ants and Bees Path Integration SLAM Hardware Animats Biologically Inspired Robotics Brain-Based Device Brain-Machine Interface Developmental Robotics Morphogenetic Evolvable Hardware Neurocomputer Neural Prosthesis Neuromorphic Engineering Phenotype Reconfigurable Networks Robotics Silicon Neurons VLSI Implementation of Neural Networks

Sponsored by: Eugene M. Izhikevich, Editor-in-Chief of Scholarpedia, the peer-reviewed open-access encyclopedia

Sponsored by: Dr. Wulfram Gerstner, EPFL, Lausanne, Switzerland

Reviewed by: Dr. Wulfram Gerstner, EPFL, Lausanne, Switzerland

Reviewed by: Leo Trottier, Department of Cognitive Science, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA

Accepted on: 2011-10-26 00:01:10 GMT