Dr. M.A.Padmanabha Rao, PhD (A.I.I.M.S)
114 Charak Sadan, Vikaspuri, New Delhi 110018, India, New Delhi , Delhi, India
Discovery of Bharat Radiation and UV dominant optical radiation emissions from Radioisotopes and XRF sources
BHARAT RADIATION (DARK RADIATION, a new Electromagnetic radiation at eV level.
- Essentially, two more emissions were reported from radioisotopes and XRF sources. Gamma, X-ray and beta emissions are successively followed by Bharat radiation and UV dominant optical emission from one and the same excited atom of radioisotopes or XRF source by a previously unknown atomic phenomenon.
- Bharat radiation is significant to X-ray physics, nuclear physics, atomic spectroscopy, and Solar Physics.
- Bharat Radiation and the UV dominant optical radiation emissions from radioisotopes and XRF sources join the list of emissions: gamma, X-ray, and beta.
- Experimental evidence to the predicted Bharat Radiation from solar spectrum
CAREER
Professor of Medical Physics, Himalayan Institute of Medical Sciences, Jolly Grant, Uttaranchal, India (2001)
Head, Radiation Safety Group & Deputy Director (Sc.E), Defence Laboratory, Jodhpur, Rajasthan, India (1983-‘97)
Lecturer in Medical Physics, Department of Nuclear Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences , New Delhi (1964-1983).
CURRENT ADDRESS : 114 Charak Sadan, Vikaspuri, New Delhi 110018, India. raomap@yahoo.com; Mobile: +91-9871257964
HONORS
- Slashdot Poll predicted Bharat Radiation might get Nobel Prize after Medicine in 2008: Slashdot Poll | Nobel Prize For Medicine Awarded, Physics ... Oct 6, 2008 – Which discovery deserves the Nobel Prize for Physics this year?
- Represented India as Assembly Member to the World Federation of Nuclear Medicine and Biology, Tokyo, 1974 and led Indian team of scientists and doctors at the age of 37.
- Presided an Instrumentation session during First World Congress in Nuclear Medicine held at the same time wherein presented a paper on "scatter photon imaging techniques", while working at AIIMS.
QUALIFICATIONS
- PhD. (AIIMS) Degree from the All India Institute of Medical Sciences , New Delhi in 1975
Six Fundamental Physics Discoveries in a single paper
ABSTRACT of the paper
Brazilian Journal of Physics, vol. 40, no. 1, March, 2010 [[1]]UV dominant optical emission newly detected from radioisotopes and XRF sources
M. A. Padmanabha Rao
Charak Sadan, Vikaspuri, New Delhi 110018, India
(Received on 21 September, 2009)
The current paper reports first and definite experimental evidence for gamma, X-, or beta radiation causing UV dominant optical radiation from (1) radiochemicals such as 131I; (2) XRF sources such as Rb XRF source present as salts; and (3) metal sources such as 57Co, and Cu XRF sources. Due to low quantum yield a need arose to develop two techniques with narrow band optical filters, and sheet polarizers that helped in the successful detection of optical radiation. The metal 57Co spectrum observed at room temperature hinted that it could be optical emission from excited 57Co atoms by a previously unknown phenomenon. In order to explain UV emission, it was predicted that some eV energies higher than that of UV, termed temporarily as Bharat radiation are generated within the excited atom, while gamma, X-, or beta radiation passes through core-Coulomb field. In turn,the Bharat energy internally produced within the excited atom causes UV dominant high-energy spectrum by valence excitation. As excited atoms become free from surrounding unexcited atoms by valence excitation, room temperature atomic spectra of solid radioisotopes and XRF sources became a possibility. It implies existence of temporary atomic state of solids. The experimental evidence that gamma, X-, and beta radiations causing UV dominant optical emission from within excited atoms of radioisotopes suggests the possibility for solar gamma, X-, and beta radiations causing EUV by the atomic phenomenon described here.
KEY WORDS: Radioisotopes; XRF sources; Optical emission; Atomic spectra; Atomic phenomenon; Solar EUV.
NUTSHELL OF THE PAPER
THREE EXPERIMENTAL DISCOVERIES
Three unexpected experimental findings: M.A. Padmanabha Rao’s groundbreaking experiments with radioisotopes and X-ray fluorescence (XRF) sources at the Defence Laboratory, Jodhpur, Rajasthan State, India led to three unexpected findings, fundamental significance to X-ray physics, nuclear physics and atomic spectroscopy.
These come under the category of Fundamental Physics Discoveries.
1. UV dominant optical emission from radioisotopes present as radiochemicals such as 137Cs.
2. UV dominant optical emission from Rb, Ba, and Tb XRF sources (AMC 2084, U.K.) present as salts.
3. UV dominant optical emission from metals at room temperature when present as radioisotopes (57Co), or Cu, Mo, and Ag XRF sources.
These insights hinted that γ-, X-, or β radiation causes optical emission from within the one and the same excited atoms of both radioisotopes and XRF sources by a previously unknown atomic phenomenon.
In order to explain these three experimental breakthroughs, previously unexplored area of sub-atomic research into excited atoms of radioisotopes and XRF sources was made that led into a crop of the following sub-atomic discoveries.
THREE SUB-ATOMIC DISCOVERIES
4. Discovery of Bharat radiation to explain UV dominant optical emission
5. Bharat radiation causing a new class of “Atomic Spectra of solid radioisotopes and XRF sources at room temperature”.
6. New Atomic Phenomenon in Radioisotopes and XRF sources explains how gamma, X-ray or beta emission generates Bharat radiation, which in turn causes UV dominant optical radiation by valence excitation from one and the same excited atom in radioisotopes and XRF sources.
Tritium exclusively emits Bharat radiation, and not UV dominant optical radiation unlike other radioisotopes.
• Shown gap in Electromagnetic Spectrum and location of Bharat wavelengths (Dark radiation wavelengths) in the gap of Electromagnetic Spectrum.
BREAKTHROUGHS IN SOLAR PHYSICS
Only after doing Six Fundamental Physics Discoveries, it became possible to resolve some puzzling issues of Solar Physics. Sun light (UV dominant optical emission) could be successfully reproduced at laboratory level from radioisotopes and XRF sources.
- New Atomic Phenomenon explains Solar EUV. Finally, it is the Bharat Radiation (identified as Dark Radiation) that causes Sun light, the UV dominant optical emission by valence excitation.
- Sun light could be due to gamma, X-ray, and beta emissions of radioisotopes produced by Uranium fission taking place in Sun.
- The puzzling Dark radiation is precisely defined as the Bharat radiation.
- The puzzling Dark matter is precisely defined as fission fragments.
Lastly the paper concludes with application of experimental findings on UV dominant optical emission from radioisotopes and X-ray sources to hospital patients.
Brief of the three experimental discoveries:
The first experimental discovery: UV dominant optical emission from radioisotopes present as radiochemicals
This comes under the category of 'fundamental physics discovery' since light emission from artificially produced radioisotopes was never reported by previous scientists ever since their discovery nearly a century ago. UV dominant optical emission is significant to nuclear physics and joins the category of emissions: gamma, X-ray, or beta from a radioisotope.
A surprise finding, Rb XRF source (AMC 2084, U.K.) showing 125,381 cps instead of the expected 8,800 Rb X-ray photon yield sec-1 steradian-1 led to this exhaustive study. In the absence of prior theory or any experimental study on the subject, further experiments suggested a possibility of optical radiation with low quantum yield from the source. Accordingly, the two optical techniques specially designed and developed for low light yield doubly ensured optical radiation from the Rb XRF source as well as from other XRF sources and radioisotopes tested.
The second experimental discovery: UV dominant optical emission from XRF present as salts
Use of the Variable Energy XRF source AMC 2084 obtained from Nuclear Enterprises (U.K.) of the size of a lemon led to two discoveries. This is the second 'fundamental physics discovery' since light emission was never reported by previous scientists either from X-ray equipment used in Hospitals or from any XRF source used for experimental purposes ever since the discovery of continuous X-rays or characteristic X-rays nearly a century ago. However, the author has detected UV dominant optical emission from Rb, Ba, and Tb XRF sources present as Rb, Ba, and Tb salts in AMC 2084, U.K. The current research paper is cited in References of "X-ray fluorescence" in Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia [2]
The third experimental discovery: UV dominant optical emission from metals at room temperature when present as radioisotopes or XRF sources
Metals emitting UV dominant optical emission at room temperature could be the most revolutionary experimental finding unprecedented in the history of science. Optical emission was detected from Cobalt metal when present as 57Co (Amersham International, U.K.); 60Co used in cancer treatment; and also from Cu, Mo, and Ag metals present as Cu, Mo, and Ag XRF sources of AMC 2084,U.K. Metal sources provided the clue that the newly detected optical radiation is nothing but an optical emission from within excited atoms of radioisotopes and XRF sources. Please peruse Introduction on page 38 of the published paper:'A further clue has come from metal 57Co spectrum at room temperature. The insight pinpointed that ionizing radiation might be causing atomic emission spectrum from the parent excited 57Co atom by a previously unknown phenomenon'.
The γ- ray first produces some energy higher than that of UV at eV level within the same excited metal 57Co atom, termed Bharat radiation, which in turn causes the UV dominant optical emission by valence excitation. Such excited atoms in radioisotopes and XRF sources form a temporary atomic state of solids at room temperature. Bharat radiation and UV dominant optical emissions reported from radioisotopes and XRF sources may find a place in the list of emissions: γ, β, α, and X-ray.
The Fourth Discovery (Predicted the existence of Bharat radiation)
Sub-atomic research with radioisotopes and XRF sources led to an understanding that the UV dominant optical emission is the second generation of γ-, X-, and β emissions within the excited atom. That is why the first generation, implying an unprecedented emission from these sources that causes the optical emission has been conceptualized as follows.
In order to explain optical emission, it was predicted that ionizing radiation first generates an electromagnetic radiation with energy slightly higher than that of the detected UV radiation at eV level within an excited atom. Location of such wavelengths 12.87 to 47.488 nm generated by Rb X-rays of Rb XRF source fall in between Rb X-ray and UV dominant atomic spectra in Electromagnetic Spectrum. These wavelengths shown to exist in between X-ray and optical spectra of electromagnetic spectrum do not belong to either X-rays or light cannot be called as X-rays or light say from Rb XRF source. That is why these wavelengths were termed as "Bharat Radiation", for convenience. The currently available photomultiplier tubes fail to efficiently detect these Bharat wavelengths.
Like γ-rays and X-rays, Bharat radiation thus finds a place in the Electromagnetic Spectrum. Location of Bharat wavelengths is shown in Electromagnetic Spectrum. Also peruse Fig.5 on page 43 of the research paper . For example, Rb X-rays may generate wavelengths 12.87 to 47.488 nm lying in between X-ray and optical spectra. Since these wavelengths do not belong to either X-rays or light, they were termed temporarily as Bharat Radiation for convenience in Refs.[3, 6].
The Fifth Discovery: UV dominant atomic spectra of solids caused by previously unknown energies termed Bharat radiation
While the basic atomic spectra of a salt is produced on heating it from an external thermal source, Bharat energies generated internally within excited atom causing new class of ‘Room temperature UV dominant atomic spectra of solids (solid radioisotopes and XRF sources)’, never known since the inception of atomic spectroscopy could be fifth breakthrough in physics.
In some other words, newly detected 'Atomic Spectra of solids at room temperature’ provide concrete proof on the generation of some energy higher than that of UV at level (Bharat Radiation) by gamma, X-ray, or beta emission within one and the same excited atom.
The published paper has demonstrated gamma causing atomic emission spectrum from metallic 57Co source notably at room temperature from one and the same excited cobalt atoms. The atomic spectra observed in this study is attributed to valence excitation by Bharat radiation produced internally within excited atoms, unlike the basic atomic spectra caused by thermal energy from an external source. Valence excitation by Bharat radiation set the excited atoms free from surrounding unexcited atoms. A new atomic state of solids comprising of all those free atoms seems to be responsible for the typical spectra observed.
Please peruse Introduction on page 38 of the research paper 'Unlike the basic atomic spectra caused by thermal energy from an external source, the current spectra are caused by energy higher than that of UV internally produced by ionizing radiation within excited atom itself. For this reason, UV dominant atomic spectra of ionizing radiation sources widely differed from basic atomic spectra'.
'Analysis of spectral data pinpointed that the nature of atomic spectrum of any source depends purely upon its ionizing radiation energy regardless of the type of radiation, atomic number Z, and nature of source medium whether salt or metal'.
New Atomic State of Solids
As the excited atoms in radioisotopes and XRF sources remain temporarily as free atoms, new Atomic State of Solids is shown to exist in radioisotopes and XRF sources at room temperature itself. Please peruse Introduction on Page 38 of the research paper “Understandably, environment of excited atoms in solid radioisotopes and XRF sources that cause UV dominant optical spectra differs much from that of thermally excited atoms in gaseous phase causing the basic atomic spectra. However, atomic spectra of solid radioisotopes and XRF sources can really happen when excited atoms become free from surrounding unexcited atoms. It seems formation of free atoms occurs due to valence excitation by Bharat radiation. All those free atoms constituting a temporary atomic state of solids seemed to be responsible for the room temperature atomic emission spectra of solid radioisotopes and XRF sources”. Also refer “Atomic state of solid sources” page 43 of the research paper.
The sixth Discovery: New atomic phenomenon
Notably, a previously unknown atomic phenomenon reported in the paper explains how gamma, X-ray or beta emission successively generates Bharat radiation (first generation), which in turn the UV dominant optical emission (second generation) within an excited atom can be the sixth discovery. Please peruse Page 44: of the research paper: Brazilian Journal of Physics, March 2010. This phenomenon was termed Padmanabha Rao Effect in the Abstract of the paper presented in 50th Annual Denver Conference, Steamboat Springs, U.S.A at Denver, USA, in 2001.
(1) Ionizing radiation, particularly γ-, X-, or β radiation energy at keV or MeV level loses energy at eV level while passing through a core-Coulomb field. The loss of energy is reproduced as electromagnetic radiation (Bharat radiation) with the same energy at eV level but higher than that of UV or EUV that the source emits.
(2) The Bharat energy causes valence excitation resulting into UV dominant atomic spectrum. Core- Coulomb interaction of γ-, X-, or β radiation is the notable feature in this atomic phenomenon.
• New Atomic Phenomenon explains Solar EUV.
Tritium is a source of Bharat Radiation
The fact that 3H (Tritium) did not show any optical emission validates the atomic phenomenon.
The reason being 3H has only one electron, which is in K-shell. Passage of β-emission through K-shell Coulomb field generates a Bharat photon. It is to note that the new atomic phenomenon causes UV dominant optical emission from radioisotopes and XRF sources having at least two filled orbits. However, tritium has only filled orbit. In the absence of an electron in L-shell, the Bharat photon simply escapes from 3H atom without producing any light photon by valence excitation. Unlike all other radioisotopes tested, 3H proved to be an ideal source of Bharat radiation in the absence of any optical emission. Likewise, Bharat radiation emission alone takes place from highly ionized radionuclides left with a singly filled K shell that can happen in a situation like nuclear fission.
BREAKTHROUGHS IN SOLAR PHYSICS
Only after doing Six Fundamental Physics Discoveries, it became possible to resolve some puzzling issues of Solar Physics. Sun light (UV dominant optical emission) could be successfully reproduced at laboratory level from radioisotopes and XRF sources.
New Atomic Phenomenon explains Solar EUV.
• Atomic phenomenon described here explains Solar UV emission (Braz.J.Phy 2010). “There is a similarity in the γ-, X-, β, UV, VIS, and NIR radiation emissions from radioisotopes, XRF sources, and solar flares [14-19]. Therefore, the author has preliminarily reported [Refer 3] that solar γ-, X-, or β radiations cause EUV regardless of temperature by the atomic phenomenon described here”.
• New Atomic Phenomenon explains Solar EUV.“An overall view of published reports suggesting presence of 235U , 238U, and radioisotopes in solar flare indicate that the phenomenon described here could be the most likely cause for Solar EUV emission”.
Sun light can be due to Uranium fission
Based on these experimental findings, the abundant solar EUV is described to be originated from solar γ-, X-, and β emissions of radioisotopes formed by Uranium fission, against the familiar theory of fusion.
“Moreover, presence of activation products such as 56Co, and 24Na in solar flare [ Refs.29-32] and presence of 7Be in open air after a strong solar wind [ Ref.33] need to be critically examined to see whether any possibility exists for Uranium fission in Sun”[3].
The puzzling Dark matter is precisely defined as fission fragments
Page 45: “If fission truly happens, the fission fragments left over at the site of fission might constitute dark matter [Ref.3].
The puzzling Dark radiation is precisely defined as the Bharat radiation
In the context of solar flare, the predicted Bharat radiation causing UV dominant optical radiation from radioisotopes and XRF sources by valence excitation seemed to be the familiar dark radiation from cosmic sources [Ref.3].
Page 45 of the research paper“ As in the case of the current study, the γ-, X-, or β radiation emissions from radioisotopes formed by fission reaction in Sun cause two more generation of emissions: the predicted dark radiation, which is the same as Bharat radiation followed by EUV”.
Application of experimental findings on UV dominant optical emission from radioisotopes and X-ray sources to hospital patients
Radiation dose
The current study suggests that the radiation dose data may need entry of UV as one more component, besides ionizing radiations in giving radiation dose to patients. Since UV follows X-rays according to the current study, UV from diagnostic X-ray tubes may subject the patients to higher skin dose than previously thought. UV emission following γ-rays from metal 60Co may also contribute for the skin erythema noticed in cancer patients during 60Co Teletherapy treatment.
Papers presented on UV dominant optical emission from radioisotopes and XRF sources
[4]M.A.Padmanabha Rao's Profile & his Six Fundamental Physics Discoveries [5]
