User talk:M.A.Padmanabha Rao, PhD (A.I.I.M.S)
Solar XUV is identified as Bharat Radiation
M.A.Padmanabha Rao
(This article is under preparation for submission to review by Scholarpedia)
The most noteworthy common spectral feature between solar spectrum and optical spectra of radioisotopes is the UV dominance, suggesting that reproduction of Sun’s UV dominant optical emission became a possibility at laboratory level from radioisotopes [1, 2]. Probably, the γ, β, or X-ray emissions from radioisotopes produced by Uranium fission taking place in Sun first causes Bharat radiation with energy higher than that of UV at eV level, in turn causes Sun light [2, 3]. Solar X-ray ultraviolet (XUV) reported to have been detected since 1960s has been identified with solar Bharat radiation generated by γ, β, or X-ray from within the same Sun spots and could be from within the same excited atoms. Existence of a wavelength gap between X-ray and optical spectra in electromagnetic spectrum, where Bharat radiation is located plays key role in the identification [3]. If really succeeded in identification of XUV with Bharat radiation, it strengthens the view that uranium fission powers Sun light.
The most noteworthy aspect of solar spectra reported since 1960s lies in successful measurement of wavelengths lying between X-ray and EUV spectra. However, the interpretation of their valuable data suffered since γ, β, or X-ray causing Bharat wavelengths, which in turn causing UV dominant optical emission within excited atoms of radioisotopes being recent progress in X-ray physics, Nuclear Physics and atomic spectroscopy has not yet made any inroads into solar physics. In order to explain UV dominant optical emission from radioisotopes and XRF sources, made an important prediction that γ, β and XRF generate some energy at eV level higher than that of UV, termed Bharat radiation, within the same excited atom that in turn causes UV dominant optical emission by the previously unknown atomic phenomenon reported first time in 1997 [3-9]. The phenomenon was termed Padmanabha Rao Effect [3,7, 8]. Therefore, in the fresh interpretation of solar spectral data, first a search is made for wavelength gap that exists between X-ray and optical spectra.
Found wavelength gap in electromagnetic spectrum Solar XUV reported to have been detected since 1960s by various researchers has been identified with the Bharat radiation, as it lies between X-ray and EUV or UV in electromagnetic spectrum. Characteristic X-rays, Bharat radiation, UV dominant optical emissions of a XRF source or dominant XRF from radioisotope like Cs X-rays from 133Ba lye in a line in electromagnetic spectrum. In the case of Rb XRF source, the maximum wavelength in Rb X-ray spectrum is well documented as 12.87 nm [10]. Only after experimentally found that Rb X-ray causes the UV dominant optical emission from within the same excited atom by Padmanabha Rao Effect, the gap between X-ray and optical spectra in electromagnetic spectrum was found, redefining electromagnetic spectrum [3]. The minimum wavelength in UV that the author could measure was 330 nm, with the limited narrow band optical filters available. Measurements below 330 nm were not possible due to lack of facilities for vacuum and narrow band optical filters. However, the literature clearly mentioned the minimum wavelength of optical spectrum of Rb II atom begins at 47.488 nm [10]. In clear words, Rb atom that emits Rb X-ray spectrum ending at 12.87 nm on gamma excitation can emit optical spectrum beginning at 47.488 nm on thermal excitation. Keeping the gap from 12.87 to 47.488 nm between X-ray and optical spectra in mind, some of the measurements of wide range of wavelengths of solar spectrum reported since 1960s have been reviewed.
Fresh interpretation of solar spectrum Hinteregger, H. E., et all reported continuous spectra from about 60 to 305 Å recorded at different heights over New Mexico on 29 January 1960 [11]. The wide spectrum at 198 km height displayed two unidentified mounts in Fig.1. The right most mount raised steeply at 60 Å and fallen to minimum level at around 120 Å could be identified as solar X-ray spectrum, on the basis of known X-ray spectra [2, 10]. Immediately next to X-ray spectrum, Bharat Radiation spectrum is supposed to be situated [Fig.5, Ref.2]. However, the spectrum of Hinteregger, H. E., et all maintains minimum level between120-175Å. The second mount of peaks starts at around 175 Å extending up to 305 Å, which includes a tall peak at around 305 Å. The spectrum from 175 to 305 Å may come under Bharat Radiation. The range of Bharat wavelengths estimated from the graphs available is a rough estimation. Solar X-rays from 60 -120 Å causing Bharat wavelengths from 175 to 305 nm demonstrates only the 1st stage of Padmanabha Rao Effect [Fig.6, Ref.2]. Bharat wavelengths in turn causing EUV at 335 Å and beyond, the 2nd stage of Padmanabha Rao Effect was not reported.
Another spectrum was recorded from 55 to 310 Å on May 2, 1963 with improved AFCRL monochromator. The counting rates were produced by the Rocket instruments photomultiplier (LiF cathode). The flat spectrum with number of small peaks from 55 to 165 Å represents solar X-rays. Since Bharat Radiation lies next to X-rays, a mount from 165 to 205 Å with intermittent and tall peaks are identified as Bharat wavelengths. It is followed by a flat spectrum from 205 to 304 Å. At 304 Å a tall peak appeared. There is a reason when a Bharat Radiation peak appears at a particular wavelength. That means a definite γ, β, or X-ray energy has caused the peak at that wavelength. First it is necessary to verify whether there is any peak correspondingly appeared at the same time in X-ray region. If so, that particular X-ray has caused the Bharat radiation peak. Otherwise, there is a possibility that the Bharat radiation peak is caused by definite γ, or β energy from a radioisotope. In the case of the peak at 304 Å, as no (corresponding) tall peak appeared at the (same time) in X-ray region, it is presumed to have caused by a definite energy of γ or β. Same is the case with tall peaks seen from 165 to 205 Å. The peaks from 165 to 205 Å, and the peak at 304 Å are identified as Bharat Radiation peaks. The Bharat Radiation peaks taller than the X-ray peaks from 55 to 165 Å indicate that Bharat Radiation peaks need not necessarily be due to X-rays measured, and can be due to γ or β from radioisotopes as said already. Their findings demonstrate only the 1st stage of Padmanabha Rao Effect [Fig.6, Ref.2]. Bharat wavelengths in turn causing EUV, the 2nd stage of Padmanabha Rao Effect was not reported.
On March 30, 1964, L.A. Hall et all recorded a wide range spectrum from 55 Å to 312 Å and termed the entire range as XUV [12]. Because of very low intensity, difficulty arises in assessing the exact range of solar X-rays in their spectrum marked XUV. Very low intensity peaks from around 50 to 120 Å may represent solar X-rays. The next range of peaks approximately from 148 Å to 155 Å represents low intense Bharat radiation. There is a reason why some Bharat radiation peaks appear at relatively low wavelengths. Low energy of γ, β, or X-ray cause Bharat radiation peaks at low wavelengths. They relatively lose more energy though at eV level while passing through core-Coloumb space [Fig.6, Ref.2]. Since the loss of energy appear as Bharat radiation with the same energy, it appears at low wavelengths. Very tall and sharper peaks from 170 A to 205 Å represent intense Bharat radiation peaks. As there are no tall peaks in X-ray region, each one of these tall peaks may have been caused by a definite energy of γ or β. Similarly, three sharp Bharat radiation peaks are seen at around 256, 284, and 304 Å caused by a definite energy of γ, β, or X-ray.
C.W. Allen reported interpretation of solar spectrum ranging from 1340 to 140 Å labeling entire spectrum as XUV, though 12 to 0.1 Å was clearly labeled X-ray spectrum [13]. Difficulty arises in assessing the range of Bharat radiation from their data. If assumed that roughly 160 to 305 Å in their data represents Bharat radiation, peaks in that region cannot be labeled as that of highly ionized Fe etc.
A.K. Bhatia and E. Landi [14] reported that Silicon is sufficiently abundant to be observed in a variety of different conditions in solar and laboratory plasmas: Si VII lines fall in three distinct wavelength ranges: soft X-rays ( 68 110 Å), extreme-ultraviolet (EUV, between 190 and 300 Å), and ultraviolet (UV, 700 Å). However, on the basis of other studies reported here the wavelengths that they measured between 190 and 300 Å have been considered as Bharat Radiation.
J.L. Culhane et all reported measurements of solar corona and upper transition region emission line wavelengths using spectrometer, which has a large effective area in two EUV spectral bands through the use of Mo/Si multilayer coatings optimized for high reflectivity in the given ranges [15]. The optics are coated with optimized multilayer coatings. They have selected highly efficient, backside-illuminated, thinned CCDs. The Sun count rates measured from 184.54 to 202.04 Å and from 256.32 to 284.16 Å come under Bharat Radiation on the basis of other studies reported here. Since sufficient data is not available, it is not possible to draw a better logical conclusion on the range of Bharat Radiation in their spectra. If this interpretation is true, the prominent peaks labeled as ionized Fe, Ca, He, S, and Si the lines labeled as that of highly ionized Fe may have to be reconsidered as Bharat radiation peaks.
G A Doschek, and U Feldman reviewed high resolution x-ray–UV orbiting spectrometers [16]. The wavelengths 150–350 °A measured by Tousey et al [17] using EUV spectroheliograph S082A on Skylab, 180–210 °A measured by Zhitnik et al [18] using Spectroheliograph on Coronas-I, and 280–330 °A measured by Zhitnik et al [19] using Spectroheliograph (SPIRIT) on Coronas-F may might come under Bharat Radiation. An active region in different spectral lines of the upper transition region and coronal ions shown in Fig.3 by G A Doschek, and U Feldman, say, at 184.54, 185.21, 188.23, 262.98 Å etc come under Bharat radiation. That is why they cannot be labeled as ionized atoms of Fe etc. The images were generated in raster mode by Hinode/EIS. For clear understanding of these lines study of atomic spectra of radioisotopes is needed. G A Doschek, and U Feldman were also of similar view. The spectra of the solar atmosphere obtained in two limited EUV wavelength bands from EIS reveal that about half of the lines seen are not yet identified (Brown et al 2008). So a new surge in pure laboratory atomic spectroscopy is needed in order to fully identify the spectra. Also, comparisons of plasma diagnostic calculations involving some prominent solar lines of Fe have revealed apparent inconsistencies in atomic data. Iron ions such as Fe XII are difficult theoretical subjects because of the myriad levels and configuration interactions involved and therefore we need highly detailed atomic models to make accurate intensity predictions. Thus, concurrent with the pure spectroscopy, deeper investigations of the atomic physics of the ions useful for solar density diagnostics are needed.
Giulio Del Zanna [20] reported “unidentified” lines in the solar spectrum that appear as a mount from 166 – 212 A come under the range of Bharat Radiation.
While C.W. Allen referred 16.0 to 121.6 nm as XUV [13], Thomas N. Woods et al. have divided the near ultraviolet (NUV) as the 300 to 400 nm range, the middle ultraviolet (MUV) as the 200-300 nm range, the far ultraviolet (FUV) as the 120 to 200 nm range, the extreme ultraviolet (EUV) as the 30 to120 nm range, the X-ray ultraviolet (XUV) as the 1 to 30 nm range, and X-rays as wavelengths less than 1 nm [21,22]. In contrast, J. Lilensten et all referred 0.1–10 nm as Soft X-rays or XUV, 10–121 nm as EUV, and 0.005–30 as X-ray, and [23]. While making this broad classification, no space is allocated for X-ray wavelengths in the range 1 to 30 nm, while the well documented literature shows Rb X-ray spectrum, for example, extends up to 12.87 nm [10]. Solar X-ray spectrum represents XRF from many stable elements as well as from several radioisotopes, so difficulty arises in fixing the exact end of X-ray spectrum. Fortunately, their solar X-ray spectrum seems to have ended nearly at 12.5 nm. Next comes the Bharat Radiation, since X-rays, Bharat Radiation, and EUV fall in line in electromagnetic spectrum [2]. Therefore, the range of wavelengths around 6 to 37 nm in their study could be divided into three types of electromagnetic radiation [21, 22].
Identification of three types of electromagnetic radiation from the graph of Thomas N. Woods et al. 2011 [24]:
1. Solar X-rays: 6.5 to 12.5 nm A look at the left side spectrum of May 5, 2010 shows number of small peaks gradually falling in intensity from 6.5 nm to minimum level at 12.5 nm approximately represent solar X-rays, according to Fig.5, BJP. The graph dipped to minimum level at 12.5 nm indicating probably the end of solar X-rays. Next Bharat radiation starts after 12.5 nm. 2. Bharat Radiation: 12.5 to 31 nm. Bharat radiation is supposed to be next to X-ray. Fortunately, the mount for occupying central position in between X-ray and EUV helped in its identification as Bharat Radiation. The middle mount with sharp and tall peaks showed a raise starting at around 12.5 nm, attained maximum around 19 to 23 nm, and fallen to minimum at around 31 nm comes under the range of Bharat Radiation in electromagnetic spectrum [2]. The tall peak at 30.4 or 30.5 nm could be due to Bharat radiation.
3. EUV: from 31 nm on wards. Since EUV follows Bharat Radiation in electromagnetic spectrum, the right side mount with sharp and tall peaks continuously rising in intensity from 31 to 37 nm represent solar EUV.
Padmanabha Rao effect explains their graph as follows. Solar X-rays from 6 to 12.5 nm have caused Bharat radiation peaks from 12.5 nm to around 31 nm, and in turn caused EUV beyond 31 nm on valence excitation of Bharat wavelengths.
Interpretation of their video 1. The solitary peak in the left side video represents solar X-ray peak, comprising of several X-ray wavelengths at and around 9.4 nm, as can be understood from Fig. 5 of Ref. 2. 2. Series of Sun’s pictures recorded reveal that that solar X-rays at 94A have caused Bharat radiation at 131, 177, 211, 304A, in turn have caused EUV at 335A. For clear understanding refer Table here. 3. Padmanabha Rao effect explains that the solar X-rays have caused the solitary tall EUV peak simultaneously appeared in the right side video at 335A. 4. In the right side video, the mount from 1-00 to 15-00 hr representing EUV appear taller than the corresponding X-ray spectrum from 1-00 to 15-00 hr on the left side video. It indicates that the EUV from 1-00 to 15-00 hr can be due to γ or β from radioisotopes produced by Uranium fission as suggested previously [Ref.2]. 5. A tall line seen in EUV spectrum at 15-00 hr did not simultaneously appear in X-ray spectrum at the same time. It might be a line caused by thermal excitation from highly ionized atom of a stable element or by a definite γ or β energy from a radioisotope. For detailed analysis on this, video data is required at 131, 177, 211, and 304°A.
The following data given in table extracted from the satellite pictures of 05 May 2010 supplements further information.
Analysis of satellite pictures taken on 05 May 2010 at different wavelengths: http://sdowww.lmsal.com/suntoday/index.html?suntoday_date=2010-05-05# Sun’s picture at 94A
(X-rays).
Sun spots are well delineated. Sun’s disc at 131°A (Bharat Wavelengths). Sun spots are well delineated. 2. Diffused Bharat Radiation seen throughout the disc. Sun’s disc at 177°A (Bharat Wavelengths). Sun spots are well delineated. 2. Diffused Bharat Radiation seen at central region of Sun’s disc. Sun’s disc at 193°A (Bharat wavelengths). Sun spots are well delineated. 2. Diffused Bharat Radiation raised than that at 177°A at central region of Sun’s disc. Sun’s disc at 211°A (Bharat Wavelengths). Sun spots are well delineated. 2. Maximum diffused Bharat Radiation seen throughout the Sun’s disc. 3. Sun’s periphery is also very bright than at 131, 171, or 193°A . Sun’s disc at 304°A (Bharat Wavelengths). Sun spots are well delineated. 2. No diffused Bharat Radiation seen over the Sun’s disc.
Sun’s picture at 335°A (UV). Sun spots are bright. 2. Diffused UV seen throughout the Sun’s disc. 3. Sun’s periphery is bright but less than that at 211°A . Sun’s picture at 1600°A (UV). Sun spots are well delineated. 2. No diffused UV seen over the Sun’s disc or at periphery. Sun’s picture at 1700°A (UV) Sun spots are well delineated. 2. Some diffused UV is seen at central region of Sun’s disc.
Sun’s picture at 4500°A [Visible light]
The above Table on series of Sun’s pictures reveals that solar X-rays at 94°A have caused Bharat Radiation at 131, 177, and 211°A, in turn caused EUV at 335°A. Sun spots visible at all wavelengths pinpoint that X-rays, Bharat Radiation, and EUV successively emanated from the same Sun spots by Padmanabha Rao Effect. Brighter Sun spots at Bharat wavelength 211°A, intense diffused Bharat Radiation throughout the Sun’s disc and very bright Sun’s periphery than at other Bharat wavelengths 131A or 171A or at 94A X-rays infer that the intense Bharat Radiation at 211°A could be due to γ or β from radioisotopes produced by Uranium fission as suggested previously [2] . More diffused visible light emissions at 4500°A than at 1600 or 1700 °A due to UV seen throughout the Sun’s disc is due to fall out of fission products (hard γ or β emitters) following Uranium fission.
It is worthy of studying atomic spectra of radioisotopes using the similar experimental set up with same parameters for comparison with the above data.
References 1. M.A. Padmanabha Rao, Invited Paper. Solar x-rays, gamma rays, and electrons cause euv by a previously unknown atomic phenomenon in Proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Human Ecology and Nature (HEN2008), Moscow-Ples, Russia, 2008, edited by Vladimir V.Zaitsev (Moscow Scientific and industrial Association “Radon”) p.45. http://www.angelfire.com/sc3/1010/Solarfission.html 2. M A Padmanabha Rao, UV dominant optical emission newly detected from radioisotopes and XRF sources, Brazilian Journal of Physics, vol. 40, no. 1, March 2010, http://www.sbfisica.org.br/bjp/files/v40_38.pdf 3. M A Padmanabha Rao (1998) X-ray source emits not only x-rays but also low energy electromagnetic radiation. Presented in 1998 Symposium on Radiation Measurements and Applications, Ninth in a series, College of Engineering, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, U.S.A.1998, Abstract 3PW26 http://www.angelfire.com/sc3/1010/michigan1998.html 4. M A Padmanabha Rao, (1997) Atomic emission of light from sources of ionizing radiation by a new phenomenon, Technical Report No: DLJ/ IL/ 97/ 7 of the Defence Laboratory (Defence Research and Development Organizaion, Ministry of Defence, Government of India) Jodhpur 342011, Rajasthan, India, April 1997). http://www.angelfire.com/sc3/1010/technicalreport.html 5. M A Padmanabha Rao, (1997) Light emission observed from ionizing radiation sources by an atomic phenomenon, National Symposium on Contemporary Physics, November 6-8, 1997, organized by The Indian Physics Association, at Physics Department, Presidency College, Kolkata, India, http://www.angelfire.com/sc3/1010/kolkata.html 6. M A Padmanabha Rao, (1998) Radioisotopes and x-ray sources emit fluorescent light by an atomic phenomenon, Proceedings of the 12th National Symposium on Radiation Physics, (Eds. P K Bhatnagar et al), Sponsored by Indian Society for Radiation Physics, Defence Laboratory, Jodhpur 342011, India, pp 273-276, and January 28-30 (Publisher: Hindustan Enterprises, Jodhpur 342003, Rajasthan, India). http://www.angelfire.com/sc3/1010/jodhpur1998.html 7. M A Padmanabha Rao (1999) Possible biological effects by uv radiation newly detected from internally administered radioisotopes. in Proceedings of the Symposium on Low Level Electromagnetic Phenomena in Biological Systems (BIOSYS-’99), 1999, School of Environmental Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi-110067, India, edited by Jitendra Behari and Editors of Indian Journal of Biochemistry and Biophysics, (Printed at National Institute of Science Communication, Pusa Road, New Delhi -110012) p.68. http://www.angelfire.com/sc3/1010/uvdosimetry.html 8. M A Padmanabha Rao, Discovery of light emission from XRF sources, Presented in 50th Annual Denver Conference, Steamboat Springs, Colorado State, U.S.A., 2001, (Sponsored by the International Centre for Diffraction Data, Newtown Square, Philadelphia,U.S.A,) Abstract F-01, p.124. www.dxcicdd.com/01/pdf/F-01.pdf 9. M A Padmanabha Rao, (2002) Invited paper. Room temperature atomic spectra from solid radioisotopes and xrf sources, Presented in 34 Conference of European Group for Atomic Spectroscopy, Department of Physics, Sofia University, Sofia, Bulgaria, 2002, Editor: K.Blagoev, Institute of Sold State Physics, Europhysics Conference Abstracts, Oral Paper F2-4, p.103 http://www.angelfire.com/sc3/1010/egas34.html 10. David R. Lide and H. P. R Frederikse, C.R.C. Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 74th Edition (CRC Press Inc, London, 1993-1994). 11. Hinteregger, H. E., Hall, L. A., & Schweizer, W. 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M.A.Padmanabha Rao, PhD (A.I.I.M.S)
Discovery of Bharat Radiation causing UV dominant optical emission from radioisotopes, XRF (X-ray fluorescent) sources reported in 2010, and from Sun in 2013 by M.A. Padmanabha Rao, PhD (AIIMS), an Indian Scientist.
Previous research In 1896 Antoine Henri Becquerel detected negative, positive, and electrically neutral charges, when subjected potassium uranyl sulfate salt to magnetic field. Marie Curie termed the phenomenon of ionizing radiation emissions as 'radioactivity'. Ernest Rutherford, who studied the properties of radioactive decay named these three radiations as β, α, and γ. Ever since the synthesis of artificially produced radioisotopes by Irène Curie and Frédéric Joliot, optical emission from radioisotopes eluded from previous scientists.
Abstract of current breakthrough research Prof. Rao could independently do physics discoveries as many as six, opening new frontiers of research in four fields of physics: nuclear physics, X-ray physics, atomic spectroscopy, and solar physics.
Bharat Radiation is his key discovery from radioisotopes and XRF sources reported in 2010, and Sun in 2013.
A surprise finding, unexpected high counts detected from Rb XRF source by a bare photomultiplier tube 9635QB led to this current research. It led to the deep exploration into previously unknown areas of experimental research for 9 years from 1988 until Rao’s retirement in 1997 at the Defence Laboratory, Jodhpur. After 4 years of investigation, low intense light was suspected. With the two optical techniques that he newly developed spending two more years, light emission was confirmed (1). Unprecedented nature of light, UV dominant optical emission was discovered from Rb XRF source, all other XRF sources of AMC2084, U.K. and all 19 radioisotopes tested. The finding became a serious issue since ionizing radiations can ionize an atom, but cannot excite a valence electron to optical levels and generate light emission. And it could not be explained by any previously known phenomenon. While gamma and beta emissions originate from nucleus, characteristic X-rays originate from electron orbits, yet phenomenon seemed to be the same.
Prof. Rao took a bold step and made an important prediction to explain the commonly detected light emission dominant in UV from radioisotopes and XRF sources. Gamma, beta, and X-ray emissions generate some radiation with energy higher than that of UV within the same excited atom of their origin. He termed it as Bharat Radiation. Rao spent two more years and provided the most plausible explanation how gamma, beta or X-ray generate Bharat Radiation followed by UV dominant optical emission within an excited atom in radioisotope or XRF source. In total, the research work claiming six fundamental discoveries coming from a small laboratory in India became incredible. Ultimately, the work was published in Brazilian Journal of Physics in March 2010 (1).
Rao began search for definite evidence for existence of Bharat radiation from other sources. In 2013, he found evidence of Bharat Radiation wavelengthsfrom solar spectrum measured by Woods et al from University of Colorado (Fig.6). The success came when he first identified X-rays up to 12.87 nm, Bharat Radiation wavelengths from 12.87 nm to 31 nm, and EUV from 31 nm onwards from solar spectrum (2).
Highlights
Bharat Radiation from radioisotopes and XRF sources: Essentially, Bharat Radiation was discovered from radioisotopes and XRF sources that generates dominant UV (over 83%), visible light, and near infrared radiation by an unprecedented atomic phenomenon (1).
Bharat Radiation from Sun: Discovery of Bharat Radiation wavelengths in solar spectrum (2) led to the following explanation. Solar X-rays up to 12.87 nm have caused Bharat Radiation from 12.87 to 31 nm, which in turn has caused EUV from 31 nm from the same excited atom. That is why these three wavelength ranges exist successively in solar spectrum with decrease in energy (Fig.6).
As shown in Fig.6, solar spectrum does not end abruptly with EUV, because Sun also emits dominant UV, visible light and near infrared radiations like radioisotopes. In the case of radioisotopes and XRF sources, Bharat radiation causes UV, visible light and near infrared radiation (1). Therefore, in Fig.6 the solar X-rays should cause Bharat radiation, which in turn generates EUV, UV, visible light and near infrared radiation by the newly reported atomic phenomenon.
Highlights of the research work
Unusual experimental set-up
Radioisotopes and XRF sources and Gamma Ray Spectrometer became the common tools to nuclear physicists and X-ray physicists. Owing to unusual experimental set-up with the Spectrometer, Rao could detect light from radioisotopes. (i) Radioisotope or XRF source was kept directly on bare photomultiplier tube 9635QB as shown in Fig.1 here, while use of bare PM tube is very uncommon. It is a light sensor, yet previous researchers failed to observe UV from radioisotopes. (ii) Raise in gain of the linear amplifier played a pivotal role in detecting previously unknown UV, in particular, followed by visible light and near infrared radiation.
Surprise finding:
In 1988, spectacularly high counts were detected from Rb XRF source, one of the six XRF sources of Variable Energy X-ray source (AMC2084,U.K shown here in Fig.2) on keeping directly on bare photomultiplier tube 9635QB as shown in Fig.1 (1). After 4 years of investigation, light from Rb XRF source was suspected. Two optical techniques developed with narrow band optical filters and pair of sheet polarizers confirmed light emission, typically dominant in UV (over 83% in gross light intensity) from Rb XRF source, from the rest five XRF sources of AMC2084 and all 19 radioisotopes tested (Table, Ref.1).
Three experimental physics discoveries: 1. Light emission was never known ever since the discovery of characteristic X-rays of elements by C.G. Barkla. UV dominant light emission was discovered from all the three XRF sources: Rb, Ba, and Tb XRF sources present as Rb, Ba, and Tb salts. 2. (i) Light emission from metals at room temperature was never known. Interestingly, UV dominant light emission was also discovered from Cu, Ag, and Mo metals, present as Cu, Ag, and Mo XRF sources unprecedented at room temperature.
(ii) Ever since the artificially produced radioisotopes were made, light emission was never known. However, UV dominant optical emission was also discovered from metals such as cobalt, present as radioisotopes 57Co, unprecedented at room temperature.
Unlike salts having radicals, metals have purely metal atoms, so light detected from metal sources such as 57Co, and Cu, Ag, and Mo XRF sources hinted the newly detected light represents truly an emission.
3. UV dominant light emission was also detected from radioisotopes like 137Cs, 131I etc. present as radiochemicals.
New class of atomic spectra from solids at room temperature: The familiar atomic spectra of element like Na is obtained on subjecting NaCl to high temperatures. In wide contrast, at room temperature, solid radioisotopes and XRF sources gave rise to UV dominant atomic spectra. This may be regarded as Rao’s 4th fundamental physics discovery.
Fig.3. The nature of atomic spectrum of a radioisotope or XRF source depends upon energy of abundant gamma, beta or X-ray emission and not on atomic number. Gamma, beta or X-ray generates light emission dominant in UV (above 83%) while visible light (VIS) and near infrared (NIR) radiation share the rest 17%, within the same excited atom of a radioisotope or XRF source. Lower energies of gamma, beta or X-ray cause more UV intensity. For example, Rb XRF source causes UV (99.62%), low intense visible light (VIS 0.37%) and further low intense near infrared (NIR) radiation (0.01%). In contrast, high energy gammas from 60Co causes fall of UV to 92.98%, and corresponding raise in visible light to 2.31% and near infrared radiation to 4.71% (Table, Ref.1). Predicted exciting energy Explanation of light emission from radioisotopes or XRF sources became essential as it was not even predicted in literature. The serious issue arose with γ-, X-, or β radiation, since they ionize atom but cannot excite valence electron to optical levels and cause light emission. Therefore, Rao made an important prediction that the γ-, X-, or β radiation first generate some exciting energy to be slightly higher than that of the observed UV at eV level within an excited atom. It was termed Bharat radiation. Next, Bharat radiation do valence excitation resulting into UV dominant optical emission within the same excited atom.
Note: Previously, thermal energy was the only known source of valence excitation. UV generation from metals requires very high temperatures. (i) Now, Rao has shown Bharat Radiation is more energetic than thermal energy, yet could also excite valence electron and generate UV even from metals at room temperature. Bharat Radiation (predicted) may be regarded as Rao’s 5th fundamental discovery. (ii) Moreover, Bharat radiation discovered from solar spectrum reported in Ref.2 reveals Bharat radiation causes EUV with wavelengths above 31 nm.
Atomic Phenomenon: Rao has succeeded in explaining that while γ, β or X-ray with high energy at keV or MeV passes through Coulomb space around core electron loses energy just at eV level. Fig.4 shows that within 57Co atom gamma ray with 0.1221 MeV energy passes through Coulomb space around M shell electron and losses little energy at eV level. The loss of energy appears as electromagnetic radiation with the same energy, but higher than that of UV at eV level, termed Bharat Radiation. Bharat radiation excites outermost shell electron as shown here to optical levels. While the excited electron returns to its shell, light emission dominant in UV (96.01%), with low intense visible light (1.76%) and near infrared radiation (2.23%) takes place from the same excited atom of a radioisotope (Table, Ref.1). This phenomenon is now known as Padmanabha Rao Effect (Denver paper, 2001, Ref (v)).This unprecedented phenomenon may be regarded as Rao’s 6th fundamental physics discovery.
Rao found exact location of Bharat radiation in electromagnetic spectrum (Fig.5). The known Rb X-ray spectrum that ends at 12.87 nm was placed on the left in Schematic diagram shown here. Optical spectrum taken from literature that begins at 47.488 nm (Rb II) in vacuum was placed on the right side. Wavelength gap became evident between 12.87 to 47.488 nm wavelengths, where predicted Bharat Radiation exists. This entire research work described so far was published in Brazilian Journal of Physics in March 2010 (1).
Discovery of Bharat Radiation wavelengths in solar spectrum After 2010, for definite evidences of Bharat Radiation Rao began search in Solar Spectra measured from last 60 years. After 3 years, definite evidence was found in solar spectrum measured by Woods et al from University of Colorado shown in Fig.6 here. The spectrum displays three mountain like wavelength ranges, but they experienced difficulty in identifying these ranges. In 2013 Rao has succeeded in identifying those three ranges as follows (2). The first range coincided with that of Rb XRF spectrum (Fig.5) exactly at 12.87 nm. It was the key for Rao to first identify as that of solar X-rays. On the basis of Fig.5, the next range from 12.87 to 31 nm was identified as Bharat Radiation, and the third range as Solar EUV beyond 31 nm. Existence of Bharat Radiation emission predicted in 2010 was thus confirmed in solar spectrum. Rao has discovered a Sun’s new emission, Bharat radiation with wavelengths from 12.87 to 31 nm. Common emissions from radioisotopes, XRF sources, and Sun Rao reported the Bharat radiation causes UV, visible light and near infrared radiation from radioisotopes and XRF sources (1). Solar spectrum in Fig.6 has shown Bharat radiation causes even the EUV radiation. Hence EUV is added in the following lists.
From radioisotopes, gamma, beta, and X-rays are followed by Bharat radiation, EUV, UV, visible light, and near infrared radiation.
They all follow one after another from excited atom as shown here in the Fig 7 here.
From XRF sources or X-ray tubes used in hospitals, X-rays are followed by Bharat radiation, which causes EUV, UV, visible light, and near infrared radiation.
Fig. 8 shows Rb X-rays (4400 pulses per sec) are followed by Bharat Radiation, which causes UV dominant light intensity: 125,321 cps. One X-ray photon has caused nearly 28 light photons (Table in Ref.1)
Solar spectrum measured by Woods etal showed X-rays, followed by Bharat Radiation, and EUV. Therefore, Sun emits X-rays followed by Bharat radiation, which causes EUV, UV, visible light, and near infrared radiation.
References
1. M.A.Padmanabha Rao, UV dominant optical emission newly detected from radioisotopes and XRF sources, Braz. J. Phy., 40, no 1, 38¬46, 2010.
http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0103-97332010000100007 http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010BrJPh..40...38R DOI: 10.1590/S0103-97332010000100007
Citations: 10) listed subsequently. Citations also listed in: https://scholar.google.co.in/citations?user=Z8Z7HKoAAAAJ&hl=en
2. M.A.Padmanabha Rao, Discovery of Sun’s Bharat Radiation emission causing Extreme Ultraviolet (EUV) and UV dominant optical radiation, IOSR Journal of Applied Physics (IOSR¬JAP), Volume 3, Issue 2 (Mar. – Apr. 2013), PP 56¬60, DOI: 10.9790/4861¬0325660 ,
http://www.iosrjournals.org/iosr-jap/papers/Vol3-issue2/H0325660.pdf
(Citations 3)
BEST CITATION of Brazilian Joun. Of Physics 2010 (Ref.1) 1. Margaret West, Andrew T. Ellis, Philip J. Potts, Christina Streli, Christine, Dariusz Wegrzynek and Peter Wobrauschek
J. Anal. At. Spectrom., 2011, 26, 1919-1963, DOI: 10.1039/C1JA90038B http://pubs.rsc.org/en/Content/ArticleLanding/2011/JA/c1ja90038b Words of Citation: “The phenomenon of optical emission predominantly in the UV, which accompanies the emission of X-rays, gamma rays, and beta radiation from radioisotope sources and X-ray tubes was investigated by Rao. It was the first work in which the emission of UV radiation was confirmed experimentally and a possible explanation for the mechanism of the UV emission was given by the author”.
2. BOOK: Institute of Experimental Physics SAV, Watsonova 47, 040 01 Košice
Report on SAS Organization Activities, 2011.
Ref 34 page 169 Rao, MAP (Rao, M. A. Padmanabha) UV dominant
http://uef.saske.sk/public/files/Vyrocna_sprava/UEFSAV_Annual_Report_2011-30-1-Final-2.pdf
3. Journal Article: VV Zhirnov 1 , IN Yakovenko 1 , VM Voitsitskii 2 , SV Khizhnyak 2 et al Reaction othe zeto potential of erythrocyte membranes man on the modulators of activity Gardos channels on the background of the radiation of small power, Problems of Radiation Medicine and Radiobiology. Dec 2015. Vip. 20. 490 -499 EXPERIMENTAL DOSLEDGES, ISSN 2304 8336. (Reference 18)
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/44599467_The_effects_of_ultra-low_dose_b-radiation_on_the_physical_properties_of_human_erythrocyte_membranes
4. Journal Article: V. V. Zhirnov1 Â, I. N. Iakovenko1 , V.M. Voitsitskiy2 , S. V. Khyzhnyak2 , О. G. ZubrikovaChugainova3 , V.A. Gorobetz3, Zeta potential response of human erythrocyte membranes to the modulators of Gardos channel activity under low rate β-radiation, Problemy Radiatsiinoi Medytsyny ta Radiobiolohii [01 Dec 2015, 20:490-499]
Ref in researchgate page 9 and Ref 18 in the Article:
Abstract in: (PMID:26695925) http://europepmc.org/abstract/med/26695925
5. BOOK: Chapter 6 in Analytical Techniques for Clay Studies
S Mukherjee - The Science of Clays, pp 69-110, 2013 – Springer
https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007%2F978-94-007-6683-9_6
https://scholar.google.co.in/scholar?oi=bibs&hl=en&cites=8187586815187661352
6. Journal Article: Aruna. P*, A. Ajitha, V. Uma Maheshwar Rao, X-RAY FLUORESCENCE, International Journal of Pharmaceutical Research & Analysis, Vol 4 / Issue 4 / 2014 /222-228. e-ISSN: 2249 – 7781. http://www.ijpra.com/File_Folder/222-228(ijpra).pdf (Ref.6).
7. Journal Article: MANIKANDASELVI.S2, BRINDHA.P*, Chemical standardization studies on capparis spinosa l, International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Vol 6, Suppl 1, 2014. http://www.ijppsjournal.com/Vol6Suppl1/13.pdf (Ref.19)
Cited in my research papers
8. Journal Article: M.A.Padmanabha Rao, Discovery of Sun’s Bharat Radiation emission causing Extreme Ultraviolet (EUV) and UV dominant optical radiation, IOSR Journal of Applied Physics (IOSR¬JAP), Volume 3, Issue 2 (Mar. – Apr. 2013), PP 56¬60, DOI: 10.9790/4861¬0325660 ,
http://www.iosrjournals.org/iosr-jap/papers/Vol3-issue2/H0325660.pdf
9. Journal Article: M.A.Padmanabha Rao, Discovery of Self ¬Sustained 235¬U Fission Causing Sunlight by Padmanabha Rao Effect, IOSR Journal of Applied Physics (IOSR¬JAP), Volume 4, Issue 2 (Jul. – Aug. 2013), PP 06¬24, DOI: 10.9790/4861-0420624
http://www.iosrjournals.org/iosr-jap/papers/Vol4-issue2/B0420624.pdf http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013IJAP....4b...6R Bibliographic Code: 2013IJAP....4b...6R
(Richard F. Cronin quoted the above paper in 4 Articles since Oct 2017:
https://principia-scientific.org/that-unexplained-electro-magnetic-complexity-in-climate-change/
https://principia-scientific.org/exploding-binary-planet-systems/
https://principia-scientific.org/nanoflares-u-235-fission-the-climatism-clowns/
https://principia-scientific.org/fission-detonations-within-the-sun-fits-new-theory/
10. Journal Article: M.A.Padmanabha Rao, Discovery of superluminal velocities of X-¬rays and Bharat Radiation challenging the validity of Einstein’s formula E= mc^2, IOSR Journal of Applied Physics (IOSR¬JAP), .Volume 4, Issue 4 (Sep. ¬ Oct. 2013), PP 08¬14,
DOI: 10.9790/4861-0440814
http://www.iosrjournals.org/iosr-jap/papers/Vol4-issue4/B0440814.pdf?id=3522 http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013IJAP....4d...8R Bibliographic Code: 2013IJAP....4d...8R
MY OWN CITATIONS (3) OF RESEARCH PAPER Ref.2
1. Journal Article: M.A.Padmanabha Rao, Discovery of Self ¬Sustained 235¬U Fission Causing Sunlight by Padmanabha Rao Effect, IOSR Journal of Applied Physics (IOSR¬JAP), Volume 4, Issue 2 (Jul. – Aug. 2013), PP 06¬24,
DOI: 10.9790/4861-0420624
http://www.iosrjournals.org/iosr-jap/papers/Vol4-issue2/B0420624.pdf http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013IJAP....4b...6R Bibliographic Code: 2013IJAP....4b...6R
2. Journal Article: M.A.Padmanabha Rao, Discovery of superluminal velocities of X-¬rays and Bharat Radiation challenging the validity of Einstein’s formula E= mc^2, IOSR Journal of Applied Physics (IOSR¬JAP), .Volume 4, Issue 4 (Sep. ¬ Oct. 2013), PP 08¬14,
DOI: 10.9790/4861-0440814
http://www.iosrjournals.org/iosr-jap/papers/Vol4-issue4/B0440814.pdf?id=3522 http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013IJAP....4d...8R Bibliographic Code: 2013IJAP....4d...8R
3. M.A. Padmanabha Rao, All the Sunlight that Earth Receives is not directly from Sun, International Journal of Innovative Research in Science, Engineering and Technology, Vol. 4, Issue 11, November 2015, https://www.ijirset.com/upload/2015/november/50_6_All_the.pdf
International and National Conferences attended in USA, Bulgaria and Russia
(i) M A Padmanabha Rao, (1997) Light emission observed from ionizing radiation sources by an atomic phenomenon, National Symposium on Contemporary Physics, November 6-8, 1997, organized by The Indian Physics Association, at Physics Department, Presidency College, Kolkata, India, http://www.angelfire.com/sc3/1010/kolkata.html
(ii) M A Padmanabha Rao, (1998) Radioisotopes and X-ray sources emit fluorescent light by an atomic phenomenon, Proceedings of the 12th National Symposium on Radiation Physics, (Eds. P K Bhatnagar et al), pp 273-276, and January 28-30 (Publisher: Hindustan Enterprises, Jodhpur 342003, Rajasthan, India). http://www.angelfire.com/sc3/1010/jodhpur1998.html
(iii) M A Padmanabha Rao (1998) X-ray source emits not only X-rays but also low energy electromagnetic radiation. Presented in 1998 Symposium on Radiation Measurements and Applications, Ninth in a series, College of Engineering, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, U.S.A.1998, Abstract 3PW26,
http://www.angelfire.com/sc3/1010/michigan1998.html
(iv) M A Padmanabha Rao (1999) Possible biological effects by UV radiation newly detected from internally administered radioisotopes. in Proceedings of the Symposium on Low Level Electromagnetic Phenomena in Biological Systems (BIOSYS-’99), 1999, School of Environmental Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi-110067, India, (Printed at National Institute of Science Communication, Pusa Road, New Delhi -110012) p.68.http://www.angelfire.com/sc3/1010/uvdosimetry.html Citations: 7
(v) M A Padmanabha Rao, Discovery of light emission from XRF sources, Presented in 50th Annual Denver Conference, Steamboat Springs, Colorado State, U.S.A., 2001, (Sponsored by the International Centre for Diffraction Data, Newtown Square, Philadelphia,U.S.A,) Abstract F-01, p.124.
www.dxcicdd.com/01/pdf/F-01.pdf
Citation 1.
(vi) M A Padmanabha Rao, (2002) Invited paper. Room temperature atomic spectra from solid radioisotopes and XRF sources, Presented in 34 Conference of European Group for Atomic Spectroscopy, Department of Physics, Sofia University, Sofia, Bulgaria, 2002, Editor: K. Blagoev, Institute of Sold State Physics, Europhysics ConferenceAbstracts, Oral Paper F2-4, p.103
http://www.angelfire.com/sc3/1010/egas34.html
(vii) M.A. Padmanabha Rao, Invited Paper. Solar x-rays, gamma rays, and electrons cause EUV by a previously unknown atomic phenomenon in Proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Human Ecology and Nature (HEN2008), Moscow-Ples, Russia, 2008, edited by Vladimir V.Zaitsev (Moscow Scientific and industrial Association “Radon”) p.45. http://www.angelfire.com/sc3/1010/Solarfission.html
Citations of papers presented in conferences Citations of paper on Possible biological effects….. Ref. (iv)
TWO CITATIONS IN INTERNATIONAL JOURNALS & ONE IN CONFRENCE (a) Zhirnov, Victor V.1; Khyzhnyak, Svetlana V.2; Voitsitskiy, Vladimir M.2 The effects of ultra-low dose β-radiation on the physical properties of human erythrocyte membranes, International Journal of Radiation Biology, Volume 86, Number 6, June 2010, pp.499-506 (8). Int J Radiat Biol. 2010 Jun;86 (6):499-506 . doi: 10.3109/09553001003717167.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20470199 Full text from: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/44599467_The_effects_of_ultra-low_dose_bradiation_on_the_physical_properties_of_human_erythrocyte_membranes
(b) Proceedings: Victor V. Zhirnov, Igor N. Iakovenko, DOSE-DEPENDENT AND REVERSIBLE ACTION OF ULTRA-LOW DOSE -RADIATION ON ZETA POTENTIAL OF HUMAN BLOOD CELLS IN VITRO, RAD2012_Proceedings of The First International Conference on Radiation and Dosimetry in Various Fields of Research, April 2012, Faculty of Electronic Engineering | NiŠ Serbia http://rad2012.elfak.rs/pdf/RAD2012_Proceedings.pdf
In References: 15. Page 148.
WORDS OF CITATION: This is additional evidence that low dose radiation induces cell reactions by reversible mechanisms. The effects caused by the ultra-dose rate radiation must be substantially mediated by active oxygenic forms generated by -radiation in the whole cell suspension volume and by nonionizing radiation component inducing molecular excitation. All the radioisotopes also emit the complete range of optical spectrum including ultraviolet, visible, and near infrared radiations. At room temperature the most part of the beta-emission from 90-Sr/90-Y (approximately 84%) lies in ultraviolet range (up to 400 nm) [15].
(c) Victor V Zhirnov, Igor N Iakovenko, The osmotic resistance, and zeta potential responses of human erythrocytes to transmembrane modification of Ca 2+ fluxes in the presence of the imposed low rate radiation field of 90 Sr, International Journal of Radiation Biology 91(1):1-24, 2015, DOI: 10.3109/09553002.2014.950716 •Ref 63.
http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/ref/10.3109/09553002.2014.950716?scroll=top
(d) BOOK: Національна академія наук України — Вікіпедія
The National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Ref 31, page 303 http://itgip.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/Book_small.pdf
(e) Report of the sixth meeting of the ozone research managers of the parties to the Vienna convention for the protection of the ozone layer (Vienna, Austria, 19–21 September 2005). WMO Global Ozone Research and Monitoring Project Report No. 48 page 142. https://www.wmo.int/pages/prog/arep/gaw/documents/6th_orm_final_report48_7nov.pdf
(f) Report of the Seventh meeting of the Ozone Research Managers of the Parties to the Vienna Convention for the Protection of the Ozone Layer, the World Meteorological Organization (WMO), Geneva, 18 to 21 May 2008 (organized by the Ozone Secretariat of the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) together with the World Meteorological Organization (WMO), REPORT No. 51, WMO/TD-No. 1437, p. 178 http://ozone.unep.org/Meeting_Documents/research-mgrs/7orm/7orm-report.pdf
CITATION of paper presented at Denver (Ref (v) in JOURNAL:
Carlos Austerlitz1, Vivianne Lúcia Bormann de Souza, Diana Maria Tavares Campos, Cristina Kurachi, Vanderley Bagnato2, and Cláudio Sibata, Enhanced response of te frickesolution doped with hematoporphyrin under X-rays irradiation, Braz. arch. biol. technol. 51, n.2, p. 271, Mar./Apr. 2008. http://www.scielo.br/pdf/babt/v51n2/a06v51n2.pdf Rao working with Gamma Ray Spectrometer At the Defence Laboratory, Jodhpur
M.A.Padmanabha Rao’s Biodata
Qualifications
1. M.Sc (Physics) from Vikram University, Ujjain, India -1962 2. Radiological physics course one year (1963-64) from Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Trombay 3. PhD (AIIMS), from All Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi in 1975.
Positions held 1. Lecturer in Medical Physics in Dept of Nuclear Medicine, All Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi (1964-1983). 2. Scientist D & E (Deputy Director), Defence Laboratory, Jodhpur (1983-1997) 3. Professor of Medical Physics, Himalayan Institute of Medical Sciences, Swamy Rama Nagar, Jolly Grant, Uttaranchal (2001)
